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Venous thromboembolism: radiological management of high-risk patients

Interventional Radiology Department, North Glasgow Teaching Hospitals Trust, Gartnaval General Hospital, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK

• Aggressive intervention is required for patients with arterial hypotension, hypoxia and right ventricular dysfunction.
  
• Pulmonary catheterisation and direct thrombolysis is not superior to systemic thrombolysis.
  
• Catheter emblectomy or clot fragmentation should be reserved for patients with massive pulmonary embolism (PE) with a contraindication to thrombolysis.
  
• Inferior vena caval (IVC) filters may prevent further fatal PE in critically ill patients.
  
• Temporary/retrievable filters should be used where possible.
  

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