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Functional and structural imaging of the bladder

Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2BU, UK

• Functional assessment of the bladder complements anatomical imaging and provides important clinical information. This can be carried out by measuring the post-void residue, flowmetry or more formally with urodynamics.
  
• Ultrasound is more accurate then intravenous urography (IVU) or cystography for picking up bladder masses (particularly masses > 0.5 cm), but nether is as accurate as cystoscopy.
  
• Bladder cancer can be staged with CT or MRI, but the latter is better for the evaluation of muscle invasion.
  
• Mucus can be problematic during ultrasound evaluation of the bladder after orthotopic reconstuction.